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【Go语言数据库开发】使用 GORM 连接到数据库

apaas.dev
7 November 2022
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Golang GORM Connecting to a Database

GORM正式支持数据库MySQL、PostgreSQL、SQLite、SQL Server

MySQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  // refer https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name for details
  dsn := "user:pass@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})
}

NOTE:
To handle time.Time correctly, you need to include parseTime as a parameter. (more parameters)
To fully support UTF-8 encoding, you need to change charset=utf8 to charset=utf8mb4. See this article for a detailed explanation

MySQL Driver provides a few advanced configurations which can be used during initialization, for example:

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // data source name
  DefaultStringSize: 256, // default size for string fields
  DisableDatetimePrecision: true, // disable datetime precision, which not supported before MySQL 5.6
  DontSupportRenameIndex: true, // drop & create when rename index, rename index not supported before MySQL 5.7, MariaDB
  DontSupportRenameColumn: true, // `change` when rename column, rename column not supported before MySQL 8, MariaDB
  SkipInitializeWithVersion: false, // auto configure based on currently MySQL version
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

GORM allows to customize the MySQL driver with the DriverName option, for example:

import (
  _ "example.com/my_mysql_driver"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DriverName: "my_mysql_driver",
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local",

 

// data source name, refer https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name }), &gorm.Config{})

Existing database connection

GORM allows to initialize *gorm.DB with an existing database connection

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("mysql", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

PostgreSQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dsn := "host=localhost user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

We are using pgx as postgres’s database/sql driver, it enables prepared statement cache by default, to disable it:

// https://github.com/go-gorm/postgres
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DSN: "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
  PreferSimpleProtocol: true, // disables implicit prepared statement usage
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

GORM allows to customize the PostgreSQL driver with the DriverName option, for example:

import (
  _ "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudsql-proxy/proxy/dialers/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DriverName: "cloudsqlpostgres",
  DSN: "host=project:region:instance user=postgres dbname=postgres password=password sslmode=disable",
})

Existing database connection

GORM allows to initialize *gorm.DB with an existing database connection

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

 

SQLite

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlite" // Sqlite driver based on GGO
  // "github.com/glebarez/sqlite" 
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{})

// Pure go SQLite driver, checkout https://github.com/glebarez/sqlite for details

NOTE: You can also use file::memory:?cache=shared instead of a path to a file. This will tell SQLite to use a temporary database in system memory. (See SQLite docs for this)

SQL Server

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlserver"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
dsn := "sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm"
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlserver.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

Clickhouse

https://github.com/go-gorm/clickhouse

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/clickhouse"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  dsn := "tcp://localhost:9000?database=gorm&username=gorm&password=gorm&read_timeout=10&write_timeout=20"
  db, err := gorm.Open(clickhouse.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

  // Auto Migrate
  db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
  // Set table options
  db.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=Distributed(cluster, default, hits)").AutoMigrate(&User{})

  // Insert
  db.Create(&user)

  // Select
  db.Find(&user, "id = ?", 10)

  // Batch Insert
  var users = []User{user1, user2, user3}
  db.Create(&users)
  // ...
}

Connection Pool

GORM using database/sql to maintain connection pool

sqlDB, err := db.DB()

// SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle connection pool.
sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(10)

// SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database.
sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(100)

// SetConnMaxLifetime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused.
sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)

有关详细信息，请参阅通用接口

不支持的数据库

有些数据库可能与mysql或postgres方言兼容，在这种情况下，您可以使用这些数据库的方言。

文章链接
https://pgmr.cloud/golang-gorm-connecting-database

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